Know, how DNA sequencing plays an important role in your life and what are the benefits associated with it.
DNA sequencing is the process where the exact sequence of a DNA molecule with nucleotide is determined. The basic DNA structure is made up of molecules known as nucleotide. The nucleotide is made up of a nitrogen base, a phosphate group, and a sugar group. The genetic code or the DNA instruction is determined by the order of the four nitrogen bases. The four nitrogen bases are (A), adenine, (T), Thymine, (G), guanine, and (C), cytosine. When a stretch of DNA is sequenced, then it is possible to determine the order in which all the four nucleotide bases (adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine) occur within a specific nucleic acid molecule.
Where is DNA found? All living things have a map that is encoded within their DNA, which contains the functions and development of the organism also known as their genome. There are two methods of sequencing, which includes Sanger Sequencing and Next Generation Sequencing. Next Generation DNA sequencing is a method that is commonly used to determine the sequences of multiple DNA fragments at the same time. In addition, Next Generation Sequencing can deduce a genome sequence at a faster rate and reduced cost. Sanger Sequencing is used to identify specific marks within a genome or short fragments.
Benefits of DNA Sequencing
In 2001, scientists were able to sequence the human genome. The development marked the beginning of the Human genome project which was considered one of the biggest examples of DNA sequencing. Scientists are now able to apply the technique in the identification of disease causing genes. Observing certain genes has enabled scientists to identify the genes responsible for diseases like Cystic fibrosis, Alzheimer’s disease, and myotonic dystrophy.
DNA sequencing provides comprehensive information about an organism’s genetic sequence that can be used in a number of areas. Some of the areas DNA Sequencing is applied includes;
Tackling Human Diseases
The complexity of human diseases can be determined through sequencing of the human DNA technology. Microbes can quickly be identified through the technology and in turn help to stem epidemics and outbreaks. Next Generation Sequencing technology was used during the Ebola outbreak in West Africa, where researchers were able to use real-time tracking of the Ebola virus evolution. Scientists can also detect genes which are associated with specific diseases. Gene therapy can be used to identify genes that have a defect and replace the genes with healthy ones.
Forensics
Each individual has a unique sequence in their DNA. Due to this, individuals have been uniquely identified through DNA sequencing in forensic science. In most crime scenes, blood samples, hair strands, skin, and nail can be used as proof to identify a particular criminal. The technology can also be used to identify the paternity of a child if it is unknown. The DNA of the child is matched with that of the father to determine if he is the biological father. The relevance of the test is in relation to issues of inheritance, legitimacy, and the rights of a father to child custody.
Wildlife Conservation
Conservation efforts around the world are implementing the sequencing technique. Human-wildlife conflict has reduced the population of wildlife across the globe. Sequencing has made it possible for researchers to understand the underlying genetics of wildlife and track areas where these animals are poached. Researchers have been able to use the DNA sequencing technology to track areas where elephants are being poached. Researchers sequence the genome of the elephant’s tusks which is then used to stem the illegal trade of ivory.
Agriculture
In the field of agriculture, DNA sequencing has played a significant role. Agriculturists have applied mapping and sequencing of the microorganism’s genome, which has enabled plants and other food crops to be beneficial. Researchers have used specific genes of bacteria and placed them in plants with certain characteristics to enable them to adapt well to certain climatic conditions. Furthermore, some genes have also been used in specific plants to increase their resistance against pests and diseases. This has enabled the plants to adapt well in areas prone to diseases and pests and at the same time increase their productivity and nutritional value.
The basic DNA structure of these plants was compared to the DNA structures of plants that were found to be resistant to pests and diseases. The researchers combined the genes of these plants which resulted in plants with features that were favorable. In addition, DNA sequencing has also been used in livestock production. The DNA structures of different animals are combined to produce hybrid livestock. The livestock can produce an improved quality of meat and milk.
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